In recognition of the country’s deep inequality and unique climate variability, Morocco in 2008 implemented the twelve-year Green Morocco Plan (PMV), which focused on modernizing the economy, including bringing rural communities into agricultural markets. In 2020, the government initiated the Generation Green Strategy 2020–2030 (GGS), which updated this approach with a focus on encouraging the rural middle class and empowering young adults to achieve a climate-resilient and broadly prosperous economy. One initiative under these plans has been the introduction of government-subsidized fruit tree seeds into smallholder communities. The introduction of these market-oriented crops has altered crop portfolios in ways that place pressure on indigenous knowledge systems and long-standing ethnobiological practices. This sociocultural and economic disruption, in conjunction with international influence over and financing of the PMV and GGS, raises questions about whether smallholders meaningfully benefit. However, this topic remains understudied due to limited emphasis on smallholders’ autonomy and well-being. This study investigates smallholder well-being through the following question: How has Morocco’s agricultural policy shaped the distribution of environmental benefits and risks among smallholder fruit tree farmers in the Atlas Mountains region? Guided by themes of distributive and environmental justice, the analysis synthesizes relevant policy and academic literature with household survey data from Atlas Mountains communities. The survey examines economic security, crop diversity, the prevalence of climate-vulnerable crops, and the displacement of traditional cereals, enabling comparison across agricultural portfolios, including introduced fruit tree stock and income. By centering smallholder experiences of state-led agricultural change, this paper offers a critical analysis of environmental governance and human-environment relations in twenty-first-century rural Morocco.