The captivity of wild birds in traditional communities in northeastern Brazil represents a complex blend of cultural heritage and conservation challenges. This practice is ingrained into the local lifestyle, where birds play a central role in traditions and belief systems. Such research can inform conservation strategies that balance cultural appreciation with the need to protect biodiversity. We conducted a case study in the Santa Rosa rural community near Nascente do Parnaiba National Park in Piauí state. Through focus group interviews and immersive fieldwork, we explored local customs related to the "captivity for affection" of wild birds, examining the species richness involved and the conflicts that arise from this practice. We used qualitative and quantitative approaches to categorize bird use and capture participants' perceptions of their relationships with local avifauna. We compiled a list of bird species reported by participants, supplemented by visual records and mist-net captures. We identified eight typological categories of bird use, which included captive species such as Sicalis columbiana, Brotogeris chiriri. Amazona aestiva and Ara ararauna are mentioned as food sources. Representatives of the families Psittacidae, Icteridae, and Thraupidae were associated with capture/hunting. Other categories reflected the semiotic perceptions of the participants and highlighted the bird's behaviors. Ethnobiological indices indicated high cultural significance for A. ararauna, whereas the other species showed strong associations with use value and frequency of citation. A total of 16 local residents, out of the 17 family units visited, participated in the interviews. A total of 88 bird species were documented. The small Santa Rosa community has a profound cultural connection with Birds. Although the motivations for keeping birds in captivity are primarily emotional, the practice from the perspective of wild bird conservation, presents certain risks, considering various factors. Understanding these local human–bird interactions is fundamental for creating effective conservation strategies.